SELECT 
--t1.Table_Name || chr(13) || t3.comments       AS " 表名称及说明 ",
     ROWNUM ,
       t1.Column_Name                                AS " 字段名称 ",
       t1.DATA_TYPE             AS " 数据类型 ",
             t1.DATA_LENGTH    AS " 长度 ",
       t1.NullAble                                   AS " 是否为空 ",
       t2.Comments                                   AS " 字段说明 ",
       t1.Data_Default " 默认值 "
       --t4.created                                  AS " 建表时间 "
               --t3.comments                                 AS " 表说明 ",
  FROM cols t1
  LEFT JOIN user_col_comments t2 
         ON t1.Table_name = t2.Table_name
        AND t1.Column_Name = t2.Column_Name
  LEFT JOIN user_tab_comments t3 
         ON t1.Table_name = t3.Table_name
  LEFT JOIN user_objects t4 
         ON t1.table_name = t4.OBJECT_NAME
  WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT t4.Object_Name
          FROM User_objects t4
         WHERE t4.Object_Type = 'TABLE'
           AND t4.Temporary = 'Y'
           AND t4.Object_Name = t1.Table_Name)
                     and t1.TABLE_NAME=' 你要查询的表名 '
  ORDER BY t1.Table_Name, t1.Column_ID;

或

select distinct TABLE_COLUMN.*,
                TABLE_NALLABLE.DATA_TYPE,
                TABLE_NALLABLE.NULLABLE
  from (select distinct utc.table_name  table_name,
                        utc.comments    table_comments,
                        ucc.column_name column_name,
                        ucc.comments    column_comments
          from user_tab_comments utc, user_col_comments ucc
         where utc.table_name = ucc.table_name
           and utc.table_name not like '%_B'
           and utc.table_name not like '%_Z'
           and utc.table_name not like '%1%') TABLE_COLUMN,
       (select distinct table_name, column_name, nullable, DATA_TYPE
          from user_tab_cols
         where table_name not like '%_B'
           and table_name not like '%_Z'
           and table_name not like '%1%') TABLE_NALLABLE
 where TABLE_COLUMN.column_name = TABLE_NALLABLE.column_name
   and TABLE_COLUMN.TABLE_NAME = TABLE_NALLABLE.table_name;

参考
https://blog.csdn.net/liu_yulong/article/details/83619122
https://blog.csdn.net/prefectjava/article/details/37908003